Jesus
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This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. For other uses, see Jesus (disambiguation).
| Jesus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 7–2 BC[a] Herodian Tetrarchy, Roman Empire[5] |
| Died | 30–33 AD[b] Judea, Roman Empire |
Cause of death
| Crucifixion[c] |
| Home town | Nazareth, Galilee[11] |
| Parent(s) | |
| Part of a series on |
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Jesus (/ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς Iesous; 7–2 BC to 30–33 AD), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity,[12] whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God. Christianity regards Jesus as the awaited Messiah (or "Christ") of the Old Testament and refers to him as Jesus Christ,[e] a name that is also used in non-Christian contexts.
Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically,[f] although the quest for the historical Jesus has produced little agreement on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus.[19] Most scholars agree that Jesus was a Jewish rabbi from Galileewho preached his message orally,[20] was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman prefect, Pontius Pilate.[21] Scholars have constructed various portraits of the historical Jesus, which often depict him as having one or more of the following roles: the leader of an apocalypticmovement, Messiah, a charismatic healer, a sage and philosopher, or an egalitarian social reformer.[22] Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life. The widely accepted calendar era (abbreviated as "AD", alternatively referred to as "CE"), counts from a medieval estimate of the birth year of Jesus.
Christians believe that Jesus has a "unique significance" in the world.[23] Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin, performed miracles, founded the Church, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven, whence he will return.[24] The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of a Divine Trinity. A few Christian groups reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural.
In Islam, Jesus (commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets and the Messiah.[25] To Muslims, Jesus is a bringer of scripture and was born of a virgin, but neither the Son of God nor the victim of crucifixion. According to the Quran, Jesus was not crucified but was physically raised into the heavens by God.[26] Judaism rejects the Christian and Islamic belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh.
Etymology of names
Further information: Jesus (name), Holy Name of Jesus, Name of God in Christianity and Yeshua (name)
A typical Jew in Jesus' time had only one name, sometimes supplemented with the father's name or the individual's hometown.[27] Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is referred to as "Jesus of Nazareth"[g] (Matthew 26:71), "Joseph's son" (Luke 4:22), and "Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth" (John 1:45). However, in Mark 6:3, rather than being called the son of Joseph, he is referred to as "the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon".
The name Jesus is derived from the Latin Iesus, a transliteration of the Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iesous).[28] The Greek form is a rendition of the Hebrew ישוע (Yeshua), a variant of the earlier name יהושע (Yehoshua), or Joshua.[29][30][31] The name Yeshua appears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus.[32] The first-century works of historian Flavius Josephus, who wrote in Koine Greek, the same language as that of the New Testament,[33] refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus (i.e. Ἰησοῦς).[34] The etymology of Jesus' name in the context of the New Testament is generally given as "Yahweh is salvation".[35]
Since early Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as "Jesus Christ".[36] The word Christ is derived from the Greek Χριστός (Christos),[28][37] which is a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Meshiakh), meaning the "anointed" and usually transliterated into English as "Messiah".[38][39] Christians designate Jesus as Christ because they believe he is the awaited Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). In postbiblical usage, Christ became viewed as a name—one part of "Jesus Christ"—but originally it was a title.[40][41] The term "Christian" (meaning "one who owes allegiance to the person Christ" or simply "follower of Christ") has been in use since the first century.[42][43]
Portraits of Jesus in the Gospels
Main article: Life of Jesus in the New Testament
See also: New Testament places associated with Jesus and Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
| Events in the |
| Life of Jesus according to the Gospels |
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The four canonical gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are the main sources for the biography of Jesus.[44][45] Other parts of the New Testament, such as the Pauline epistles, which were probably written decades before the gospels, also include references to key episodes in his life, such as the Last Supper in 1 Corinthians 11:23–26.[46][47][48] Acts of the Apostles (10:37–38 and 19:4) refers to the early ministry of Jesus and its anticipation by John the Baptist.[49][50] Acts 1:1–11 says more about the Ascension of Jesus (also mentioned in 1 Timothy 3:16) than the canonical gospels do.[51]
Some early Christian and Gnostic groups had separate descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus that are not included in the New Testament. These include the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Peter, and the Apocryphon of James, among many other apocryphal writings. Most scholars consider these much later and less reliable accounts than the canonical gospels.[52][53]
Canonical gospel accounts
See also: Gospel harmony, Historical reliability of the Gospels and Internal consistency of the New Testament
The canonical gospels are four accounts, each written by a different author. The first to be written was the Gospel of Mark (written 60–75 AD), followed by the Gospel of Matthew (65–85 AD), the Gospel of Luke (65–95 AD), and the Gospel of John (75–100 AD).[54] They often differ in content and in the ordering of events.[55]
Traditionally, Christians believe that the four gospels were written by four evangelists who were close to Jesus.[56] Mark was written by John Mark, an associate of Peter.[57] Matthew was written by one of Jesus' disciples.[56] Luke was written by a companion of Paul, someone mentioned in a few epistles.[56] And John was written by another of Jesus' disciples,[56] in fact part of an inner group of disciples, along with his brother James and Peter.[58]
Three of them, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, are known as the Synoptic Gospels, from the Greek σύν (syn "together") and ὄψις (opsis "view").[59][60][61] They are similar in content, narrative arrangement, language and paragraph structure.[59][60] Scholars generally agree that it is impossible to find any direct literary relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John.[62] While the flow of some events (such as Jesus' baptism, transfiguration, crucifixion and interactions with the apostles) are shared among the Synoptic Gospels, incidents such as the transfiguration do not appear in John, which also differs on other matters, such as the Cleansing of the Temple.[63]
Most scholars agree, following what is known as the "Marcan hypothesis",[64] that the authors of Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source when writing their gospels. Matthew and Luke also share some content not found in Mark. To explain this, many scholars believe that in addition to Mark, another source (commonly called the "Q source") was used by the two authors.[65]
According to the majority viewpoint, the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources of historical information about Jesus.[66] However, not everything contained in the New Testament gospels is considered to be historically reliable.[67] Elements whose historical authenticity is disputed include the Nativity, the Resurrection, the Ascension, some of Jesus' miracles, and theSanhedrin trial, among others.[68][69][70] Views on the gospels range from their being inerrant descriptions of the life of Jesus[71] to their providing little historical information about his life beyond the basics.[72][73]
In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age.[74] As stated in John 21:25, the gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in the life of Jesus.[75] The accounts were primarily written as theological documents in the context of early Christianity, with timelines as a secondary consideration.[76] One manifestation of the gospels as theological documents rather than historical chronicles is that they devote about one third of their text to just seven days, namely the last week of the life of Jesus in Jerusalem, referred to as the Passion.[77] Although the gospels do not provide enough details to satisfy the demands of modern historians regarding exact dates, it is possible to draw from them a general picture of the life story of Jesus.[67][74][76]
The gospels include a number of discourses by Jesus on specific occasions, such as the Sermon on the Mount and the Farewell Discourse. They also include over 30 parables spread throughout the narrative, often with themes that relate to the sermons.[78] Miracles performed by Jesus make up a large portion of the gospels. In Mark, 31 percent of the text is devoted to Jesus' miracles.[79] The gospel descriptions of Jesus' miracles are often accompanied by records of his teachings.[80][81]
| Jesus in the Synoptics | Jesus in John |
|---|---|
| Begins with Jesus' baptism or birth to a virgin.[56] | Begins with creation, with no birth story.[56] |
| Baptized by John.[56] | Baptism presupposed but not mentioned.[56] |
| Teaches in parables and aphorisms.[56] | Teaches in long, involved discourses.[56] |
| Teaches primarily about the Kingdom of God, little about himself.[56] | Teaches primarily and extensively about himself.[56] |
| Speaks up for the poor and oppressed.[56] | Says little to nothing about the poor or oppressed.[56] |
| Public ministry lasts one year.[56] | Public ministry lasts three years.[56] |
| Cleansing the Temple occurs late.[56] | Cleansing the Temple is early.[56] |
| Jesus' ushers in a new covenant with a last supper.[56] | Jesus washes the disciples' feet.[56] |
Genealogy and nativity
Main articles: Genealogy of Jesus and Nativity of Jesus
Matthew and Luke each offer a genealogy of Jesus. Matthew traces Jesus' ancestry to Abraham through David. Luke traces Jesus' ancestry through Adam to God.[82]
Matthew and Luke each describe Jesus' nativity (or birth), especially that Jesus was born of a virgin in Bethlehem in fulfillment of prophecy. Luke's account emphasizes events before the birth of Jesus and centers on Mary, while Matthew's mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph.[83][84][85] Both accounts state that Jesus was born to Joseph and Mary, his betrothed, in Bethlehem, and both support the doctrine of the virgin birth, according to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Holy Spirit in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin.[86][87][88]
In Luke 1:31–38 Mary learns from the angel Gabriel that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit.[84][86] Following his betrothal to Mary, Joseph is troubled (Matthew 1:19–20) because Mary is pregnant, but in the first of Joseph's three dreams an angel assures him not to be afraid to take Mary as his wife, because her child was conceived by the Holy Spirit.[89] When Mary is due to give birth, she and Joseph travel from Nazareth to Joseph's ancestral home in Bethlehem to register in the census ordered by Caesar Augustus. While there Mary gives birth to Jesus, and as they have found no room in the inn, she places the newborn in a manger (Luke 2:1–7). An angel announces the birth to some shepherds, who go to Bethlehem to see Jesus, and subsequently spread the news abroad (Luke 2:8–20). After the presentation of Jesus at the Temple, Joseph, Mary and Jesus return to Nazareth.[84][86] In Matthew 1:1–12, wise men or Magi from the East bring gifts to the young Jesus as the King of the Jews. Herod hears of Jesus' birth and, wanting him killed, orders the murders of male infants in Bethlehem. But an angel warns Joseph in his second dream, and the family flees to Egypt—later to return and settle in Nazareth.[89][90][91]
Early life, family, and profession
Main article: Child Jesus
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Jesus' childhood home is identified in the gospels of Luke and Matthew as the town of Nazareth in Galilee where he lived with his family. Christian tradition places Joseph as Jesus' foster father. Historians such as Geza Vermes, E. P. Sanders, and Reza Aslan state Joseph as Jesus' father.[92][93][94] Geza Vermes notes that the differing views are due to theological interpretations versus historical views.[92] Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood, no mention is made of him thereafter.[95] His other family members—his mother, Mary, his brothers James, Joses (or Joseph), Judas and Simon and his unnamed sisters[96]—are mentioned in the gospels and other sources. Some early Christian writers, concerned that mention of Jesus' brothers and sisters contradicted the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary, argued that these represented either older children of Joseph by a previous marriage, or that the reference was actually to "cousins". Both interpretations are discounted by modern scholars.[97][98]
Jesus is called a τέκτων (tekton) Mark 6:3, traditionally understood as carpenter but could cover makers of objects in various materials, including builders.[99][100] The gospels indicate that Jesus could read, paraphrase, and debate scripture, but this does not imply that he received formal scribal training.[101]
Baptism and temptation
Main articles: Baptism of Jesus and Temptation of Christ
The Gospel accounts of the baptism of Jesus are all preceded by information about John the Baptist and his ministry.[102][103][104] They show John preaching penance and repentance for the remission of sins and encouraging the giving of alms to the poor (Luke 3:11) as he baptized people in the area of the River Jordan around Perea at about the time when Jesus began his ministry. John had been foretelling (Luke 3:16) the arrival of someone "more powerful" than he,[105][106] In Matthew 3:14, on meeting Jesus, the Baptist says "I need to be baptized by you", but Jesus persuades John to baptize him nonetheless.[107] After he does so and Jesus emerges from the water, the sky opens and a voice from Heaven states, "This is my Son, the Beloved, with whom I am well pleased" (Matthew 3:17). The Holy Spirit then descends upon Jesus as a dove.[105][106][107] This is one of two events described in the gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus "Son", the other being the Transfiguration.[108][109]
After the baptism, the Synoptic Gospels describe the temptation of Christ, in which Jesus resisted temptations from the devil while fasting for forty days and nights in the Judaean Desert.[110][111] Jesus' baptism and temptation serve as preparation for his public ministry.[112] The Gospel of John does not mention either event, but does include a testimony by the Baptist whereby he saw the Spirit descend on Jesus (John 1:32).[106][113]
Public ministry
Main article: Ministry of Jesus
The gospels present John the Baptist's ministry as the precursor of that of Jesus. Starting with his baptism, Jesus begins his ministry in the countryside of Judea, near the River Jordan, when he is "about thirty years old" (Luke 3:23). He then travels, preaches and performs miracles, eventually completing his ministry with the Last Supper with his disciples in Jerusalem.[104]
Near the beginning of his ministry, Jesus appoints twelve apostles. In Matthew and Mark, despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, Jesus' first four apostles, who were fishermen, are described as immediately consenting, and abandoning their nets and boats to do so (Matthew 4:18–22,Mark 1:16–20). In John, Jesus' first two apostles were disciples of John the Baptist. The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the Lamb of God; the two hear this and follow Jesus.[114][115] In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the Sermon on the Plain identifies a much larger group of people as disciples (Luke 6:17). Also, in Luke 10:1–16 Jesus sends seventy or seventy-two of his followers in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visit. They are instructed to accept hospitality, heal the sick and spread the word that the Kingdom of God is coming.[116]
Scholars divide the ministry of Jesus into several stages. The Galilean ministry begins when Jesus returns to Galilee from the Judaean Desert after rebuffing the temptation of Satan. Jesus preaches around Galilee, and in Matthew 4:18–20, his first disciples, who will eventually form the core of the early Church, encounter him and begin to travel with him.[104][117] This period includes the Sermon on the Mount, one of Jesus' major discourses,[117][118] as well as the calming of the storm, the feeding of the 5,000, walking on water and a number of other miracles and parables.[119] It ends with theConfession of Peter and the Transfiguration.[120][121]
As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the Perean ministry, he returns to the area where he was baptized, about a third of the way down from the Sea of Galilee along the Jordan (John 10:40–42).[122][123] The final ministry in Jerusalem begins with Jesus' triumphal entry into the city on Palm Sunday.[124] In the Synoptic Gospels, during that week Jesus drives the money changers from the Temple and Judas bargains to betray him. This period culminates in the Last Supper and the Farewell Discourse.[102][124][125]
Teachings, preachings, and miracles
Commentaries often discuss the teachings of Jesus in terms of his "words and works".[80][126] The words include a number of sermons, as well as parables that appear throughout the narrative of the Synoptic Gospels (the Gospel of John includes no narrative parables). The works include the miracles and other acts performed during Jesus' ministry.[80] Although the canonical gospels are the major source of the teachings of Jesus, the Pauline epistles provide some of the earliest written accounts.[46]
The Kingdom of God (also called the Kingdom of Heaven in Matthew) is one of the key elements of Jesus' teachings in the New Testament.[127] Jesus promises inclusion in the Kingdom for those who accept his message. He calls people to repent their sins and to devote themselves completely to God.[27] Jesus tells his followers to adhere strictly to Jewish law, although he is perceived by some to have broken the law himself, for example regarding the Sabbath.[27] When asked what the greatest commandment is, Jesus replies: "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind ... And a second is like it: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself" (Matthew 22:37–39). Other ethical teachings of Jesus include loving one's enemies, refraining from hatred and lust, and turning the other cheek (Matthew 5:21–44).[128]
John's Gospel presents the teachings of Jesus not merely as his own preaching, but as divine revelation. John the Baptist, for example, states in John 3:34: "He whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he gives the Spirit without measure." In John 7:16 Jesus says, "My teaching is not mine but his who sent me." He asserts the same thing in John 14:10: "Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works."[129][130]
In the gospels, the approximately thirty parables form about one third of Jesus' recorded teachings.[129][131] The parables appear within longer sermons and at other places in the narrative.[132] They often contain symbolism, and usually relate the physical world to the spiritual.[133][134] Common themes in these tales include the kindness and generosity of God and the perils of transgression.[135] Some of his parables, such as the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11–32), are relatively simple, while others, such as the Growing Seed (Mark 4:26–29), are more abstruse.[136]
In the gospel accounts, Jesus devotes a large portion of his ministry performing miracles, especially healings.[137] The four accounts together record about 35 or 36 miracles.[138] The miracles can be classified into two main categories: healing miracles and nature miracles.[139] The healing miracles include cures for physical ailments, exorcisms, and resurrections of the dead.[140] The nature miracles show Jesus' power over nature, and include turning water into wine, walking on water, and calming a storm, among others. Jesus states that his miracles are from a divine source. When Jesus' opponents accuse him of performing exorcisms by the power of Beelzebul, the prince of demons, Jesus counters that he performs them by the "Spirit of God" (Matthew 12:28) or "finger of God" (Luke 11:20).[27][141]
In John, Jesus' miracles are described as "signs", performed to prove his mission and divinity.[142][143] However, in the Synoptics, when asked to give miraculous signs to prove his authority, Jesus refuses.[142] Also, in the Synoptic Gospels, the crowds regularly respond to Jesus' miracles with awe and press on him to heal their sick. In John's Gospel, Jesus is presented as unpressured by the crowds, who often respond to his miracles with trust and faith.[144] One characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the gospel accounts is that he performed them freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment.[145] The gospel episodes that include descriptions of the miracles of Jesus also often include teachings, and the miracles themselves involve an element of teaching.[80][81] Many of the miracles teach the importance of faith. In the cleansing of ten lepers and the raising of Jairus' daughter, for instance, the beneficiaries are told that their healing was due to their faith.[146][147]
Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration
Main articles: Confession of Peter and Transfiguration of Jesus
At about the middle of each of the three Synoptic Gospels, two related episodes mark a turning point in the narrative: the Confession of Peter and the Transfiguration of Jesus.[121][148] These events mark the beginnings of the gradual disclosure of the identity of Jesus to his disciples and his prediction of his own suffering and death.[108][109][121]
In his Confession, Peter tells Jesus, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God."[149][150][151] Jesus affirms that Peter's confession is divinely revealed truth.[152][153]
In the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1–9, Mark 9:2–8, and Luke 9:28–36),[108][109][121] Jesus takes Peter and two other apostles up an unnamed mountain, where "he was transfigured before them, and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white."[154] A bright cloud appears around them, and a voice from the cloud says, "This is my Son, the Beloved; with him I am well pleased; listen to him" (Matthew 17:1–9).[108] In 2 Peter 1:16-18, Peter himself affirms that he witnessed Jesus' Transfiguration, stating that the apostolic tradition is based on eyewitness testimony.[155]
Final week: betrayal, arrest, trial, and death
The description of the last week of the life of Jesus (often called Passion Week) occupies about one third of the narrative in the canonical gospels,[77] starting with a description of the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem and ending with his Crucifixion.[102][124] The last week in Jerusalem is the conclusion of the journey through Perea and Judea that Jesus began in Galilee.[124] Just before the entry into Jerusalem, the Gospel of John includes the Raising of Lazarus, which increases the tension between Jesus and the authorities.[124]
Activities in Jerusalem
After leaving Bethany, Jesus rides a young donkey into Jerusalem, an event prophesied in the Book of Zechariah. People along the way lay cloaks and small branches of trees (known as palm fronds) in front of him and sing part of Psalm 118:25–26.[156][157][158] The cheering crowds greeting Jesus as he enters Jerusalem add to the animosity between him and the establishment.[124]
In the Synoptics, Jesus next expels the money changers from the temple, accusing them of turning it into a den of thieves through their commercial activities. John 2:13–16 includes a similar narrative much earlier.
Also in the Synoptics, Jesus comes into conflict with the Jewish elders, such as when they question his authority and he criticizes them and calls them hypocrites.[156][158] Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve apostles, secretly strikes a bargain with the Jewish elder, agreeing to betray Jesus to them for thirty silver coins.[159][160]
Last Supper
Main article: Last Supper
The Last Supper is the final meal that Jesus shares with his twelve apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is mentioned in all four canonical gospels, and Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians (11:23–26) also refers to it.[47][48][161] During the meal, Jesus predicts that one of his apostles will betray him.[162] Despite each Apostle's assertion that he would not betray him, Jesus reiterates that the betrayer would be one of those present. Matthew 26:23–25 and John 13:26–27 specifically identify Judas as the traitor.[47][48][162]
In the Synoptics, Jesus takes bread, breaks it and gives it to the disciples, saying, "This is my body, which is given for you". He then has them all drink from a cup, saying, "This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood" (Luke 22:19–20).[47][163] The Christian sacrament orordinance of the Eucharist is based on these events.[164] Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread-and-wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that John 6:58–59 (the Bread of Life Discourse) has a eucharistic character and resonates with theinstitution narratives in the Synoptic Gospels and in the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.[165]
In all four gospels, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him three times before the rooster crows the next morning.[166][167] In Luke and John, the prediction is made during the Supper (Luke 22:34, John 22:34). In Matthew and Mark, the prediction is made after the Supper, and Jesus also predicts that all his disciples will desert him (Matthew 26:31–34, Mark 14:27–30).[168] The Gospel of John provides the only account of Jesus washing his disciples' feet before the meal.[90] John also includes a long sermon by Jesus, preparing his disciples (now without Judas) for his departure. Chapters 14–17 of the Gospel of John are known as the Farewell Discourse and are a significant source of Christological content.[169][170]
Agony in the Garden, betrayal and arrest
After the Last Supper, Jesus, accompanied by his disciples, takes a walk to pray. Matthew and Mark identify the place as the garden of Gethsemane, while Luke identifies it as the Mount of Olives.[168][171] Judas appears in the garden, accompanied by a crowd that includes the Jewish priests and elders and people with weapons. He kisses Jesus to identify him to the crowd, which then arrests Jesus.[168][172] In an attempt to stop them, one of Jesus' disciples uses a sword to cut off the ear of a man in the crowd.[168][172] Luke states that Jesus miraculously heals the wound, and John and Matthew report that Jesus criticizes the violent act, enjoining his disciples not to resist his arrest. In Matthew 26:52 Jesus says, "All who take the sword will perish by the sword".[168][172] After Jesus' arrest, his disciples go into hiding, and Peter, when questioned, thrice denies knowing Jesus.[168] After the third denial, he hears the rooster crow and recalls the prediction as Jesus turns to look at him. Peter then weeps bitterly.[166]
Trials by the Sanhedrin, Herod and Pilate
After his arrest, Jesus is taken to the Sanhedrin, a Jewish judicial body.[173] The gospel accounts differ on the details of the trials.[174] In Matthew 26:57, Mark 14:53 and Luke 22:54, Jesus is taken to the house of the high priest, Caiaphas, where he is mocked and beaten that night. Early the next morning, the chief priests and scribes lead Jesus away into their council.[172][175][176] John 18:12–14 states that Jesus is first taken to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiaphas, and then to the high priest.[172][175][176]
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During the trials Jesus speaks very little, mounts no defense and gives very infrequent and indirect answers to the questions of the priests, prompting an officer to slap him. In Matthew 26:62 Jesus' unresponsiveness leads Caiaphas to ask him, "Have you no answer?"[172][175][176] In Mark 14:61 the high priest then asks Jesus, "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?". Jesus replies "I am" and then predicts the coming of the Son of Man.[27] This provokes Caiaphas to tear his own robe in anger and to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. In Matthew and Luke, Jesus' answer is more ambiguous:[27][177] in Matthew 26:64 he responds "You have said so", and in Luke 22:70 he says, "You say that I am".[178][179]
Taking Jesus to Pilate's Court, the Jewish elders ask the Roman governor Pontius Pilate to judge and condemn Jesus, accusing him of claiming to be the King of the Jews.[176] The use of the word "king" is central to the discussion between Jesus and Pilate. In John 18:36 Jesus states, "My kingdom is not from this world", but he does not unequivocally deny being the King of the Jews.[180][181] In Luke 23:7–15 Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean, and thus comes under the jurisdiction of Herod Antipas.[182][183] Pilate sends Jesus to Herod to be tried,[184] but Jesus says almost nothing in response to Herod's questions. Herod and his soldiers mock Jesus, put an expensive robe on him to make him look like a king, and return him to Pilate,[182] who then calls together the Jewish elders and announces that he has "not found this man guilty".[184]
Observing a Passover custom of the time, Pilate allows one prisoner chosen by the crowd to be released. He gives the people a choice between Jesus and a murderer called Barabbas. Persuaded by the elders (Matthew 27:20), the mob chooses to release Barabbas and crucify Jesus.[185] Pilate writes a sign in Hebrew, Latin and Greek that reads "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews" (abbreviated as INRI in depictions) to be affixed to Jesus' cross (John 19:19–20),[186] then scourges Jesus and sends him to be crucified. The soldiers place a Crown of Thorns on Jesus' head and ridicule him as the King of the Jews. They beat and taunt him before taking him to Calvary,[187] also called Golgotha, for crucifixion.[172][176][188]
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